Short Question

Immunity and Diseases : Short Question

1 Define pathogen.

Microorganisms that cause diseases in human body are called pathogens.

2 Define antigen.

An antigen is a substance that enters the body and causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it.

3 Define infection.

Entry and growth of pathogens into our body is called infection.

4 Define phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis refers to the process by which certain living cells called phagocytes engulf other cells, particles and even pathogens.

5 Describe the physical barriers against the pathogens in human body.

The human body has several physical barriers that help protect against pathogens (germs) that can cause illness. Examples: • Skin: The skin acts like a shield that covers our body, stopping most germs from getting inside. • Mucus: This sticky substance is found in places like the nose and throat. It traps germs so they can not get deeper into the body. • Tears: Tears wash away germs from our eyes. • Stomach Acid: The acid in our stomach kills many germs that we might swallow.

6 Give brief introduction of pathogens (virus, bacteria, and fungi). Explain how they enter human body.

Pathogens are tiny organisms that can cause diseases. There are three main types of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, and fungi. • Viruses are very small particles that can only grow and multiply inside living cells. • Bacteria are tiny, single-celled prokaryotic organisms that can live in various environments. • Fungi are a kingdom of organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, which absorb nutrients from organic matter. Pathogens enter the body through breaks in the skin, inhalation, ingestion, or through bodily fluids.

7 What are infectious diseases? Give examples.

The diseases which are caused by pathogens are called infectious diseases. These diseases can spread from person to person. Examples of Infectious Diseases: 1. The Flu (Influenza): A viral infection that causes fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches. 2. Common Cold: Another viral infection that leads to runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat. 3. Chickenpox: A viral infection that causes itchy red spots all over the body. 4. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, causing coughing and chest pain.

8 How can we avoid infections?

Infections can be avoided in many ways: Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Stay away from sick people to avoid spreading germs. Get vaccinated to protect against certain diseases. Clean and disinfect surfaces regularly to kill germs. Eat healthy foods to boost your immune system.

9 Describe the parts of immune system.

The immune system helps protect our bodies from germs and diseases. It has three main parts: • White Blood Cells: These are like tiny soldiers that fight off infections. When germs enter the body, white blood cells attack and destroy them. • Antibodies: These are special proteins made by white blood cells. They recognize and remember specific germs, helping the body to fight them off more quickly if they come back. • Lymphatic System: This is a network of vessels and nodes that helps transport white blood cells and filters out germs and waste. It also includes lymph nodes, which swell when fighting infections.

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