Valency is the combining capacity of an element to form bonds with other elements.
Example: Oxygen has a valency of 2 because it can form two bonds (e.g., H₂O).
An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electric charge.
Example: Sodium (Na) loses one electron to form a Na⁺ ion.
A chemical formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a compound.
Example: The formula for water is H₂O, showing two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
A bond is the force that holds two atoms together in a molecule.
Example: In a water molecule (H₂O), hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
Electronic configuration describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
Example: The electronic configuration of sodium (Na) is 2, 8, 1, meaning it has one electron in its outermost shell.
